ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Estudou-se o efeito da natação sobre o crescimento somático e ósseo de ratas. Métodos: usaram-se 40 ratas Wistar neonatas separadas em grupo glutamato monossódico (GluM, n = 20), que recebeu solução de MSG (4 mg/g), em dias alternados, nos primeiros 14 dias de vida; e Grupo Salina (SAL, n = 20), que recebeu solução salina na mesma dose e no mesmo período. Aos 60 dias de vida, o grupo GluM foi ovariectomizado (GluMO) e o SAL passou apenas pelo estresse cirúrgico. Posteriormente, metade dos animais de cada grupo iniciou o treinamento de natação, o que resultou nos grupos Salina sedentário (SALsed, n = 10), Salina natação (SALnat, n = 10), Glutamato ovariectomia sedentário (GluMOsed, n = 10) e Glutamato ovariectomia natação (GluMOnat, n = 10). Ao término do experimento, os animais tiveram o comprimento longitudinal mensurado e foram pesados; o rádio foi pesado e o comprimento, avaliado. Resultados: Os animais do grupo GluMOsed apresentaram peso corpóreo e comprimento longitudinal menores em relação ao SALsed. A natação diminuiu o peso corpóreo, porém não exerceu influência no comprimento longitudinal dos animais do grupo GluMOnat em relação ao GluMOsed. Peso corpóreo e comprimento longitudinal foram menores nos animais do grupo SALnat quando comparados aos do SALsed. Peso e comprimento do rádio dos animais do grupo GluMOsed foram menores do que os do SALsed. Não houve diferença desses parâmetros entre os grupos GluMOsed e GluMOnat. Contudo, foram menores nos animais do grupo SALnat em relação ao SALsed. Conclusão: O treino de natação não exerce influência no tecido ósseo previamente afetado durante o período neonatal e ainda pode causar prejuízo ao tecido ósseo sadio .
Objective: We studied the effect of swimming on the somatic and bone growth of female rats. Methods: 40 neonate Wistar female rats were separated into: monosodium glutamate group (GluM, n = 20) and received MSG solution (4.0 mg/g) on alternate days during the first 14 days after birth, and Saline group (SAL, n = 20) which received saline solution for the same period of time and at the same dose.At 60 days of age, GluM group was ovariectomized (GluMO) and SAL group just suffered surgical stress. Subsequently, half the animals in each group started swimming, resulting in groups: sedentary saline (SALsed, n = 10), swimming saline (SALswi, n = 10), sedentary ovariectomized Glutamate (GluMOsed, n = 10) and swimming ovariectomized Glutamate (GluMOswi, n = 10). At the end of the experiment, we measured the animals' longitudinal length and weight; their radius was weighed and its length measured. Results: The animals of the GluMOsed group had lower body weight and longitudinal length compared to SALsed. Swimming decreased body weight, but had no influence on the longitudinal length of the GluMOswi group compared to GluMOsed group. Longitudinal length and body weight were lower in SALswi animals compared to SALsed animals. Radius weight and length of GluMOsed animals were lower than in SALsed animals. There was no difference in these parameters between GluMOsed and GluMOswi groups; however, these parameters were lower in SALswi animals compared to SALsed animals. Conclusion: Swimming does not influence previously affected bone tissue during the neonatal period, however it may cause damage to healthy bone tissue. .
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Bone Resorption/prevention & control , Swimming , Animals, Newborn , Postmenopause , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
The traditional method of teaching Human Anatomy is based on the use of cadavers, text books and the use of images from an atlas. Learning anatomy by means of a cadaver contributes to the understanding of the shape, location and relationship of various organs and structures of the human body. However, the use of cadaverous material presents difficulties in terms of acquisition, conservation, quality and quantity. Thus, to improve the teaching of anatomy other learning objects such as anatomical models, videos and software, have been used. Each of these objects has its qualities as facilitators of knowledge, a fact represented by the impact that they have on the learning of anatomy translated into an improvement in student grades. However, such learning objects should not replace the use of cadavers, rather all of these methods should be integrated in order to improve the performance of students. This article presents a review of the literature on the quality and the language of learning objects used to enhance the teaching of Human Anatomy, in addition to analyzing the influences of computers on changes to the learning objects in content of the discipline of anatomy.
El método tradicional de enseñanza de la Anatomía Humana se basa en el uso de cadáveres, libros de texto y en la utilización de imágenes de atlas. Aprender anatomía por medio del empleo de cadáveres contribuye a la comprensión de la forma, localización y relación de los órganos y estructuras del cuerpo humano. Sin embargo, las dificultades que se observan en la utilización de material cadavérico están relacionadas a su obtención, conservación, calidad y cantidad. En ese sentido, para mejorar la enseñanza de la anatomía se utilizan otros objetos de aprendizaje como modelos anatómicos, videos y softwares. Cada uno de esos objetos tiene cualidades como facilitadores del conocimiento, este hecho se plasma en la obtención de mejores calificaciones por parte de los alumnos. No obstante, estos materiales no deben sustituir al material cadavérico, por el contrario, debe existir una integración de todos los métodos, con el objetivo de mejorar el desempeño del alumno. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre la calidad y el lenguaje de los objetos de aprendizaje utilizados para mejorar la enseñanza de la Anatomía Humana, además de analizar la influencia que los computadores ejercen para que los objetivos y contenidos del aprendizaje de la disciplina de Anatomía sean cumplidos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anatomy/education , Models, Anatomic , Software , Teaching MaterialsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of impacts of protein malnutrition and/or early food deprivation on the formation of the growth plate in young animals. A search was performed using the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and the Cochrane Library, without language restrictions or any limit as to year. Initially, 150 articles were identified, however, after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria only five remained. In three studies the nutritional stress was due to protein malnutrition, another due to fasting and the fifth was due to food restriction. All the studies had some methodological omissions. The studies included in this review-demonstrated corroboration in the results obtained, regardless of whether the animals had been subjected to protein malnutrition, fasting or food restriction. The findings uncovered were reduction in height of the epiphyseal plate, in the number of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes, in the bone growth rate and in the longitudinal length of the bone in animals subjected to nutritional stress. In this systematic review, it was possible to observe the susceptibility of the epiphyseal plate in the first place, and secondarily, of the long bones to the effects of nutritional stress by means of protein malnutrition or food deprivation applied in young animals.
El objetivo fue realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el impacto de la desnutrición proteica y/o privación de alimentos en la temprana formación de la placa de crecimiento en animales jóvenes. La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO y Biblioteca Cochrane sin restricción de lengua o límite de año. Fueron identificados inicialmente ciento cincuenta artículos que, posterior a la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, solo quedaron cinco. En tres estudios el estrés nutricional fue causado por la desnutrición proteica, otro al ayuno y el tercero fue por restricción alimentaria. Todos los estudios presentaban algunas omisiones metodológicas. Las investigaciones incluidas en esta revisión demostraron concordancia en sus resultados obtenidos, independientemente que los animales hayan sido sometidos a desnutrición proteica, ayuno o restricción alimentaria. Los datos obtenidos mostraron que los animales sometidos al estrés nutricional presentaron una reducción en la altura de la placa epifisaria, en el número de condrocitos proliferativos e hipertróficos, en la tasa de crecimiento óseo y en la longitud ósea. En esta revisión sistemática fue posible observar que los efectos del estrés nutricional, a través, de desnutrición proteica o de la privación alimentaria aplicada en animales jóvenes presentan, en primer lugar, una susceptibilidad de la placa epifisaria y de los huesos largos de manera secundaria.